On the one hand, after Matteo d'Acquasparta's distinction between the three types of eternity and the temporal necessity of the past, Meyronnes radicalized Scotus's dynamic vision of duration, conceiving the modality as a relation of implication between predicate and existing subject, and time as relationship between Creator and creature. On the other hand, after Ockham denied the real simultaneity of opposed potencies, the Ochamist extension of temporal necessity to the present was denied by Gregory of Rimini, who was favourable, together (...) with Wodeham, to the mutability of the past in a divided sense. Mirecourt, strong on the English subtleties, appears to follow Gregory and tries to find a solution to the interaction between the two contingencies, from top to bottom, which had been formalized by Gregory: if I, performing or not performing X, can act as if God, as the supreme intellect from eternity, could have known or not known X to come, and, if God as agent, absolutely willing omnipotent and unimpeadable from eternity can act as if X happened or did not happen, then can I act as if X, which is from eternity, did not happen from eternity? (shrink)

Ernst Haeckel was convinced that the origin of language was the keyto understand human evolution. The distinguished slavist AugustSchleicher was his original inspiration on that matter but hiscousin Wilhelm Bleek was the deciisive source for his views of human language. Bleek lived in Southern Africa, studied Xhosa andZulu, and had the rare opportunity to learn the bushman languagewhich, with its characteristic clicks, suggested the form of theoriginal human language in its evolution from ape-like sounds.Haeckel's view of anthropology based on cultural (...) elements ratherthan physical characters alone was shared by other scholars includingthe Vienna-based Friedrich Mueller who applied Haeckel's approachin his studies during the voyage of the Habsburg ship ``Novara.'' Haeckel's anthropological views were heavily entangled with contemporaryconceps of race so that he and Mueller related different languages todifferent human groups both from a cultural and racial angle. Suchracialist attitude presented obvious political implications which allauthors mentioned denied vehemently. (shrink)

Databases where different types of information from different sources can be integrated, cross‐referenced and interactively accessed are necessary for building a quantitative understanding of the molecular and cell biology intrinsic to the morphogenesis of an embryo. Tassy and colleagues1 recently reported the development of software tailor‐made to perform such a task, along with the generation and integration of three‐dimensional anatomical models of embryos. They convincingly illustrated the utility of their approach by applying it to the early ascidian embryo. BioEssays 28: (...) 874–879, 2006. © 2006 Wiley periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Le contrôle de constitutionnalité, dont la magistrature parlementaire de l’Ancien Régime revendiquait le plein droit, n’était pas fondé uniquement sur les lois fondamentales du royaume, mais sur l’ensemble des principes (« les maximes ») tirés de la « Tradition ». Cette dernière était composée en premier lieu par le droit divin et le droit naturel, c’est-à-dire par des systèmes juridiques qui nécessitaient, tous les deux, une interprétation juridictionnelle ‘sapientiale’. Cette activité interprétative était ‘révélatrice’ d’un corpus de valeurs métaphysiques à laquelle (...) seule la Scientia Juris des magistrats pouvait puiser. Mais dans la sphère de la Tradition juridique rentraient aussi le « dépôt légal », c’est-à-dire l’ensemble de toutes les lois, même des lois ainsi dites « ordinaires », c’est-à-dire celles qui avaient été produites par la simple manifestation de volonté souveraine d’un roi prédécesseur « car tel avait été son plaisir » (moderne formulation du brocarde de droit romain : « quidquid principi placuit legis habet vigorem »). Ainsi la juridiction parlementaire donnait lieu à un jugement de constitutionnalité qui était normalement exercé de manière très flexible par le corps de la magistrature, dépendant des circonstances et des intérêts politiques momentanés des situations juridiques qu’elle voulait protéger. La hiérarchie des normes était ainsi un formidable instrument de protection de cet ordre juridique dont les legum doctores se sentaient les tuteurs. Elle était, donc, directement liée au gouvernement politique des juges. (shrink)

A questão do processo judicial de adoção de crianças por casais homossexuais perpassa por diversas questões sociais. Envolve aspectos legais, culturais, que ultrapassam os limites simbólicos, e que transcorrem sobre questões jurídicas e étnicas, envolvendo questionamentos e enfrentamentos. Tem-se, explicitamente ou implicitamente, fronteiras étnicas que marcam o lugar de cada sujeito na sociedade, especificamente, por envolver a sexualidade, a homossexualidade, os “novos” conceitos de família, os questionamentos sociais, religiosos, filosóficos e jurídicos quanto à questão. Os “novos” arranjos familiares, posto à (...) etnicidade, a sociedade, em razão de diversas transformações, reorganiza-se e recria-se a família. Destarte, o presente trabalho investigou como e em que medida os marcadores étnicos e sociossexuais de casais homossexuais interferem, influenciam ou se apoiam nas decisões judiciais para a adoção de crianças em Jequié, Ilhéus e Vitória da Conquista, no Estado da Bahia, tendo como colaboradores juízes que acompanharam os mencionados pedidos de adoção e os casais que pretenderam realizar a adoção de crianças. Pensar como os discursos funcionam é colocar-se na encruzilhada de um duplo jogo da memória: o da memória institucional que estabiliza, cristaliza, e, ao mesmo tempo, o da memória constituída pelo esquecimento que é o que torna possível o diferente, a ruptura, o outro. Com a análise de dados sociológicos dos grupos envolvidos, a pesquisa apresentou alguns marcadores étnicos e sociossexuais de casais homossexuais como possíveis razões das decisões judiciais para a adoção de crianças pelos casais gays. Palavras-chave: Família; Adoção; Casais gays; Criança. (shrink)

Este artigo é parte de uma pesquisa mais ampla que analisa os processos sociais e culturais envolvidos na condição da monoparentalidade feminina, enfatizando jornadas exaustivas e responsabilização pela economia dos cuidados e reprodução social da vida. Objetiva-se analisar como as estruturas opressoras patriarcais afetam e refletem nas vivências de mulheres que exercem a maternidade solo. A investigação se deu a partir da seguinte questão: Como a sobrecarga e os estereótipos promovidos pelo patriarcado colonialista, por meio da divisão sexual do trabalho, (...) atingem as mães solo? Ancora-se na abordagem da história oral e autoetnográfica, na pesquisa social-qualitativa bibliográfica e no estudo de campo, sob a perspectiva espistemológica feminista interseccional e decolonial. Constata-se que os empecilhos promovidos por tais estruturas opressoras impedem ou adiam processos emancipatórios e alocam famílias monoparentais femininas em lugares de vulnerabilidade financeira, afetiva e social. Entretanto, apesar destes obstáculos, as mães solo do recorte pesquisado, resistem e lutam pela emancipação financeira, social e emocional. (shrink)

The New Economic Windows Series, derived from Massimo Salzano's ideas and work, incorporates material from textbooks, monographs and conference proceedings that deals with both the theoretical and applied aspects of various sub-disciplines ...

Le platonisme de Rousseau est un thème minoritaire dans l’histoire de la réception de Rousseau. Malgré cela, il s’agit d’une question débattue, encore ouverte et qui a une histoire. On tente ici de faire le point en commençant par une critique de l’historiographie et par une discussion préalable des difficultés que l’interprète rencontre, afin de situer la généalogie des lectures qui font de Rousseau un platonicien. Dans un second temps, on propose un portrait de Rousseau lecteur de Platon, avant de (...) tenter un portrait du platonisme politique de Rousseau. (shrink)

Lire les �uvres de philosophie grecque revient la plupart du temps à lire un corpus limité de textes érigés en «classiques» déconnectés de leurs sites. Pour désenclaver cette sélection, on propose ici d�ouvrir le canon des textes philosophiques grecs moyennant une prise en compte des voyages de ces textes en Occident, de leur forme ainsi que de leur lieu de production. L�article décrit d�une part deux formes de transit des textes philosophiques grecs?: le transit homogène philologico-humaniste, le transit hétérogène des (...) médiations entre nous et l�antiquité. D�autre part, on présente trois formes situées dans l�espace grec?: le logos du temple de Parménide, le dialogos du théâtre de Platon et la dialogê du Lycée d�Aristote. (shrink)

Objective Apeiron was founded in 1966 and has developed into one of the oldest and most distinguished journals dedicated to the study of ancient philosophy, ancient science, and, in particular, of problems that concern both fields. Apeiron is committed to publishing high-quality research papers in these areas of ancient Greco-Roman intellectual history; it also welcomes submission of articles dealing with the reception of ancient philosophical and scientific ideas in the later western tradition. The journal appears quarterly. Articles are peer-reviewed on (...) a double-blind basis. Topics ancient philosophy ancient science reception of ancient philosophical and scientific ideas in the later western tradition Article formats Original Articles. (shrink)

Le XXe siecle a ete caracterise par l'essor de l'hermeneutique philosophique. Il est temps de proposer un bilan de ces elaborations et de projeter les possibles evolutions de l'hermeneutique au XXIe siecle. Le present volume s'attelle a cette tache: il retrace les chemins de l'hermeneutique, de Wilhelm Dilthey a Michel Foucault. Il met en evidence un phenomene de diversification de l'hermeneutique en l'espece de trois courants prioritaires, dont les divergences de vue ont donne lieu a des debats. D'ailleurs, pour etre (...) feconde, l'hermeneutique a venir aura grand interet a conserver la forme du debat. Le present volume reunit les contributions de chercheurs qui representent des domaines varies de la recherche en sciences humaines: la philosophie, l'histoire de la philosophie, la philologie, l'histoire de l'art, l'anthropologie culturelle et la jurisprudence. La premiere partie est consacree au debat autour de l'hermeneutique philosophique; elle reunit les contributions de J. Grondin, R. Celis et J. Greisch d'une part, de H. Ineichen, H. Kramer et O. Scholz d'autre part. Les theses de l'hermeneutique philosophique sont presentees et soumises a un examen critique. Dans la deuxieme partie, on suit les voies sur lesquelles cheminent aujourd'hui les hermeneutiques des sciences humaines interessees a des objets particuliers: les textes abordes par la philologie ou par l'histoire de la philosophie, les images etudiees par l'histoire de l'art, les structures sociales qui sont les objets de l'anthropologie culturelle, ou encore les normes de la societe qui interessent les juristes. En guise d'orientation prealable, une introduction historique et un tableau chronologique ouvrent le volume. (shrink)

This chapter takes the form of a discussion between the editors of this volume and Daniel Little regarding the relationship between methodological individualism and methodological localism. The focus is on Little’s view that methodological individualism is incompatible with the assumption that actors are socially constituted and socially situated as well as on other topics such as micro-foundations, the micro–macro link, ontological individualism, causal explanation, rationality, Bourdieu’s theory of habitus, and Durkheim.

While methodological individualism is a fundamental approach within the social sciences, it is often misunderstood. This highlights the need for a discursive and up-to-date reference work analyzing this approach’s classic arguments and assumptions in the light of contemporary issues in sociology, economics and philosophy. This two-volume handbook presents the first comprehensive overview of methodological individualism. Chapters discuss historical and contemporary debates surrounding this central approach within the social sciences, as well as cutting edge developments related to the individualist tradition with (...) philosophical and scientific implications. Bringing together multiple contributions from the world’s leading experts on this important tradition of theorizing, this collective endeavor provides teachers, researchers and students in sociology, economics, and philosophy with a reliable and critical understanding of the founding principles, key thinkers and intellectual development of MI since the late 19th century. ​. (shrink)